Domestic Violence Resources

The following documents and hyperlinks should be of assistance to tribal court personnel, tribal law enforcement personnel, domestic violence victim service agency personnel, social services personnel, and others in handling domestic violence cases and issues. Moreover, it should be of assistance in enforcing the Violence Against Women Act.

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Native American and Alaska Native women in the United States suffer disproportionately high levels of rape and sexual violence, yet the federal government has created substantial barriers to accessing justice, Amnesty International. View excerpts from Amnesty's launch of the 113-page report, "Maze of Injustice."

If something about your relationship with your partner scares you and you need to talk, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) or 1-800-787-3224.

Under a grant from the Office on Violence Against Women, the Tribal Law and Policy Institute has developed and posted a Tribal Protection Order website (see www.TribalProtectionOrder.org ). This website is designed to provide both tribal and non-tribal entities with a clearinghouse of information and resources pertaining to the issuance and enforcement of protection orders.

Tribal Domestic Violence Case Law: Annotations for Selected Tribal Cases Related to Domestic Violence is designed to assist tribal judicial officers in understanding how some tribal governments have handled certain legal issues within the context of domestic violence cases. While a great deal of research has been done on case law in the state systems, little to no analysis has been done on the tribal judicial approach to domestic violence. This compendium, developed as part of an overall code-writing workshop curriculum for tribal governments, will assist tribal legislators as well. Understanding how laws are interpreted by the court systems may impact the development of laws that provide safety to tribal citizens.

Raising Public Awareness on Domestic Violence in Indian Country is published in collaboration with the South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, its member organizations and Native American advocates throughout the state, Cangleska, Inc., the violence against women intervention and shelter program on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, developed domestic violence public awareness materials focusing specifically on rural and Native American communities. 

Domestic Violence and Tribal Protection of Indigenous Women in the United States, by Gloria Valencia-Weber and Christine P. Zuni
The essential Navajo value is that while men and women are distinct, they relate as complementary equals. That kind of relationship creates, or should create, an environment that views violence toward women as deviant behavior. Under Navajo common law, violence toward women, or mistreatment of them in any way, is illegal ...

Victim Rights in Indian Country - an Assistant United States Attorney Perspective by US Attorney Christopher Chaney (United States Attorneys' Bulletin sponsored by the Department of Justice) provides an excellent overview of issues facing federal prosecutors working with victims of crime in Indian Country.

A Tribal Court Bench Book for Domestic Violence Cases was produced by the Northwest Tribal Court Judges Association under a grant from the Office on Violence Against Women of the U.S. Department of Justice. The Tribal Court Bench Book is a general guideline with recommendations to help tribal courts deal with domestic violence cases. It is arranged into three sections: Pre-Trial, Trial, and Post-Trial. The Bench Book is the result of a year-long process to which tribal judges devoted many hours of personal time. That effort has created a unique legal guide on domestic violence by tribal court judges for tribal court judges.

The Southwest Center for Law and Policy is a non-profit organization providing legal education and technical assistance on domestic violence, sexual assault, elder abuse, child abuse, abuse of disabled persons, and stalking in tribal communities. The center is located in Tucson, Arizona and travel the nation training law enforcement, attorneys, judges, victim advocates, tribal lay legal advocates, health care professionals, and community members. The center has also posted the following articles:

• Criminal Prosecution of Battered Native Women For Failure To Protect
  by James G. White, Hallie Bongar White, and Jane M. Larrington
• Elder Abuse In Tribal Communities
  by Hallie Bongar White
• Intersection Of Domestic Violence And Child Victimization In Indian Country
  by Hallie Bongar White and Jane Larrington
• Overview For Judges On The Indian Child Welfare Act And Domestic Violence
  by Jane Larrington
• Stalking In Indian Country
  by Hallie Bongar White
• Testifying About Lethality Risk Factors
  by Hallie Bongar White and James G. White
• Testifying About Self-Defense And Predominant Aggressors
  by James G. White, Hallie Bongar White, and Jane Larrington

Clan Star was created to provide consultant services on program and policy development to strengthen tribal justice systems. Particular focus is on advocacy for Indigenous Peoples with particular emphasis on reclaiming the sovereignty of Indigenous women including gender based crimes such as domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking. Clan Star’s mission is dedicated to “improving justice to reclaim the sovereignty of Indigenous women.”

The Women's' Rural Advocacy Programs collected an extensive amount of information about domestic violence from a variety of sources: training materials, handouts, pamphlets, articles, etc.. They also have information about domestic violence specifically for Native American women.

The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), has made available a compendium of research entitled "Family Violence and American Indians and Alaska Natives: A Report to the Indian Health Service." The compendium includes current research and articles on family violence in American Indian and Alaska Native communities and articles on domestic violence and sexual abuse.

The Michigan Judicial Institute (MJI) recently announced its "Sexual Assault Benchbook" is available online. MJI creates resources, including benchbooks with the latest information on procedures and the state of the law, and directs training programs for judges and court personnel to enhance their professional skills. The Sexual Assault Benchbook is a comprehensive sourcebook for information on the impact of the crime on victims, Michigan's sexual assault related statutes, including applicable defenses, special courtroom procedures that protect the rights of victims, witnesses, and defendants, scientific evidence, post-conviction and sentencing matters, and bond and discovery.

Mending the Sacred Hoop is a Native American program whose mission is to assist Native Sovereign Nations to improve their response to Indian women who are victimized by domestic violence and sexual assault and to restore safety and integrity to them.

The Justice Department's Office on Violence Against Women provides extensive resources on their site, including up-to-date information on interventions to stop violence against women for Criminal Justice Practitioners, advocates, and social service professionals with the latest in Research and Promising Practices regarding issues of Domestic Violence, Stalking, Batterer Intervention Programs, Child Custody & Protection, Sexual Assault, and Welfare Reform.

Under a grant from the Office on Violence Against Women of the U.S. Department of Justice, the National American Indian Court Judges (NAICJA), in conjunction with a broad based Project Advisory Committee, has collected and analyzed resources concerning the development of Violence Against Indian Women tribal codes. The Project Advisory Committee found that none of the forty existing tribal codes we reviewed met all of the standards established for evaluating Violence Against Indian Women codes. The Project Advisory Committee, however, found that five of the existing tribal codes that were analyzed were good examples since they met many of the established criteria. These five codes are as follows:

• Jicarilla Apache Tribal Domestic Violence Code
• White Mountain Apache Domestic Violence Code
• Northern Cheyenne Domestic Violence Ordinance
• Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Domestic and Family Violence Ordinance
• Sample Domestic Violence Code - developed by Cangleska, Inc.

To provide concrete guidance to communities, policy leaders, and individuals engaged in activities to end violence against women, the National Advisory Council on Violence Against Women developed the Toolkit to End Violence Against Women. The recommendations contained in the Toolkit were reviewed by numerous experts in the fields of sexual assault, domestic violence, and stalking. Each Toolkit Chapter focuses on a particular audience or environment and includes recommendations for strengthening prevention efforts and improving services and advocacy for victims. Of particular interest is the chapter on Native Women.

The site includes an extensive Document Library containing information about a variety of issues pertaining to violence against women, including:

• Child Custody and Protection
• Commissioned Documents
• Coordinated Community Response
• Criminal Justice
• Domestic Violence
• Immigration
• Internet Safety
• Model Legislation
• Model Programs
• Research and Evaluation
• Sexual Assault
• Stalking
• Trafficking
• VAWOR Documents

Indian Health Services provides a comprehensive health services delivery system for American Indians and Alaska Natives with opportunity for maximum tribal involvement in developing and managing programs to meet their health needs. IHS website also contains extensive, online resources on Violence Against Native Women:

• Current Events
• Provider Education
• Patient Education
• Resources
• Sexual Assault
• Legislative Action
• Community Action
• Clinical Tools
• Policies and Procedures
• Public Health
• Cultural Appropriateness

The American Judges Association has developed an online handbook for judges handling domestic violence cases entitled Domestic Violence & the Courtroom: Understanding the Problem ... Knowing the Victim. This guidebook covers the following topics:

• How Judges Can Help
• Do Not Blame The Victim
• No One Is Immune / Everyone Suffers
• Recognizing the Violence
• Forms of Emotional Battering
• Battered Woman Syndrome
• Other Forms of Violence
• American Judges Association/American Judges Foundation
• Acknowledgements

The Commission on Domestic Violence of the American Bar Association has links to:

• Are You Being Abused?
• Important Domestic Violence Phone Numbers
• If You Want Legal Assistance But Cannot Afford a Lawyer
• Safety Planning
• How an Abuser Can Discover Your Internet Activities
• Cyberstalking Facts
• Who is Most Likely To Be Affected by Domestic Violence
• Statistics
• Myths and Facts

Domestic and Family Violence

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service has a detailed catalog of publications in its Victims of Crime section, including:

• United States Code: Indian Child Protection and Family Violence Prevention
• Batterer Intervention: Program Approaches and Criminal Justice Strategies - ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Batterer Programs: What Criminal Justice Agencies Need to Know - ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Civil Protection Orders: Victims' Views on Effectiveness - ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Child Victimizers: Violent Offenders and Their Victims
• Child Witness to Domestic Violence
• Childhood Victimization and Risk for Alcohol and Drug Arrests ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• A Community Checklist: Important Steps to End Violence Against Women
• A Coordinated Approach to Reducing Family Violence: Conference Highlights ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• The Criminalization of Domestic Violence: Promises and Limits ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• The Cycle of Violence Revisited ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Domestic and Sexual Violence Data Collection: A Report to Congress under the Violence Against Women Act - ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Domestic Violence and Homelessness
• Domestic Violence Hotline Resource List
• Drugs, Alcohol, and Domestic Violence in Memphis ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Evaluation of a Protocol to Identify Battered Women During Investigations of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Evaluation of Family Violence Training Programs ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• Evaluation Guidebook: Projects Funded by S.T.O.P. Formula Grants under the Violence Against Women Act
• Female Victims of Violent Crime
• Initiatives to Combat Violence Against Women
• Legal Interventions in Family Violence: Research Findings and Policy Implications ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• OJP Family Violence Working Group Report
• Stalking and Domestic Violence: The Third Annual Report to Congress under the Violence Against Women Act ASCII Text File and HTML File
• Threat Assessment: An Approach to Prevent Targeted Violence ASCII Text File and Adobe Acrobat File
• The Violence Against Women Act of 1994: Evaluation of the STOP Block Grants to Combat Violence Against Women
• Violence Against Women :Estimates from the Redesigned Survey
• Violence Between Intimates: Domestic Violence
• When will they ever learn? Educating to End Domestic Violence: A Law School Report
• Violence by Intimates: Analysis of Data on Crimes by Current or Former Spouses, Boyfriends, and Girlfriends.

Domestic violence crosses ethnic, racial, age, national origin, sexual orientation, religious and socioeconomic lines.

• by the most conservative estimate, each year 1 million women suffer nonfatal violence by an intimate.
  (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Violence Against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey (NCJ-154348), August 1995, p. 3.)
• by other estimates, 4 million American women experience a serious assault by an intimate partner during an average 12-month period.
  (American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family (1996), p. 10.)
• 28% of all annual violence against women is perpetrated by intimates.
  (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: National Crime Victimization Survey, Violence Against Women (NCJ-145325), January 1994.)
• 5% of all annual violence against men is perpetrated by intimates.
  (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: National Crime Victimization Survey, Violence Against Women (NCJ-145325), January 1994.)
• domestic violence is statistically consistent across racial and ethnic boundaries.
  (Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Violence Against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey (NCJ-154348), August 1995, p. 3.)
• each year, an estimated 3.3 million children are exposed to violence by family members against their mothers or female caretakers.
  (American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family (1996), p. 11.)
• in homes where partner abuse occurs, children are 1,500 times more likely to be abused.
  (Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Family Violence: Interventions for the Justice System, 1993.)
• 40-60% of men who abuse women also abuse children.
  (American Psychl. Ass'n, Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family (1996), p. 80.)
• 47% of men who beat their wives do so at least 3 times per year.
  (AMA Diagnostic & Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence, SEC: 94-677:3M:9/94 (1994).)